AI Obligation Atlas

Automated decision-making rights

Rights of individuals affected by automated decisions or profiling — explanation, objection, appeal, contest, and opt-out.

33 jurisdictions37 laws & guidance36 binding← All obligations

Europe & Central Asia11 laws

Data Protection Act 2004 (Gibraltar) / Gibraltar GDPR

Gibraltar

Binding

Processing of personal data in Gibraltar or by controllers established in Gibraltar targeting Gibraltar data subjects.

Law · In Force

Datenschutzgesetz (DSG), LGBl. 2018 Nr. 272 (Liechtenstein) — EEA GDPR implementation

Principality of Liechtenstein

Binding

Processing of personal data in Liechtenstein; EEA GDPR applies directly with DSG as national implementing law.

Law · In Force

Jersey DP Law 2018

Jersey

Binding

Processing of personal data in Jersey or by controllers established in Jersey targeting Jersey data subjects.

Law · In Force

Law No. 06/L-082 on Protection of Personal Data

Republic of Kosovo

Binding

Processing by public and private bodies in Kosovo; limited extraterritorial reach for equipment in Kosovo.

Law · In Force

Law on Personal Data Protection (Official Gazette MK 42/20, 294/21)

Republic of North Macedonia

Binding

Processing of personal data in North Macedonia or targeting North Macedonian data subjects.

Law · In Force

Law on Personal Data Protection (Serbia) (Zakon o zaštiti podataka o ličnosti)

Republic of Serbia

Binding

Processing of personal data in Serbia or targeting Serbian data subjects; GDPR-aligned controller and processor obligations.

Law · In Force

Law on the Protection of Personal Data (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Binding

Processing of personal data in BiH or of BiH data subjects; foreign controllers must appoint local representative where required.

Law · In Force

Ley Orgánica 3/2018

Spain

Binding

Personal data processing in Spain including AI under Organic Law 3/2018.

Law · In Force

Llei 29/2021, del 28 d'octubre, qualificada de protecció de dades personals (Andorra)

Principality of Andorra

Binding

Processing of personal data in Andorra or by controllers/processors subject to Andorran law, including extraterritorial targeting of Andorran data subjects.

Law · In Force

Moldova Law 195/2024

Republic of Moldova

Binding

Processing of personal data in Moldova or by controllers subject to Moldovan law after August 23, 2026.

Law · In Force

UK Children's Code

United Kingdom

Guidance

Online services (including AI-powered features) likely to be accessed by children in the United Kingdom.

Guidance · In Force

US States8 laws

C.R.S. § 6-1-1701 et seq.

State of Colorado

Binding

Developers and deployers of Automated Decision-Making Technology making consequential decisions about Colorado consumers.

Law · Pending

Cal. Civ. Code § 1798.100 et seq.

State of California

Binding

Businesses meeting CCPA revenue or data thresholds that collect personal information of California consumers.

Law · In Force

Cal. Code Regs. tit. 11 (CPPA — automated decisionmaking technology and risk assessments)

State of California

Binding

CCPA-covered businesses that use ADMT to make significant decisions about California consumers.

Regulation · Partially In Force

Minn. Stat. ch. 325M

State of Minnesota

Binding

Controllers processing personal data of Minnesota consumers above applicability thresholds.

Law · In Force

New Jersey Law Against Discrimination — AI Employment Amendments

State of New Jersey

Binding

New Jersey employers using AI or automated systems in hiring, compensation, or other employment decisions.

Law · In Force

Tex. Bus. & Com. Code ch. 541

State of Texas

Binding

Controllers and processors conducting business in Texas or targeting Texas residents, excluding small-business and certain entity exemptions.

Law · In Force

Tex. Ins. Code § 4201.156 (Use of Automated Decision Systems for Adverse Determinations)

State of Texas

Binding

Texas utilization review agents — may not use an automated decision system (including AI) to make, wholly or partly, an adverse determination on medical necessity; TDI may audit AI use in utilization review; administrative support and fraud-detection AI permitted.

Law · In Force

Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act

United States — Virginia

Binding

Law · In Force

Asia Pacific8 laws

China Algorithm Provisions

People's Republic of China

Binding

Providers using algorithmic recommendation technology to deliver information to users in China.

Regulation · In Force

Data Protection Act 2025 (Kiribati)

Republic of Kiribati

Binding

Processing of personal data by controllers and processors in Kiribati — lawful basis, consent, data-subject rights, security and breach notification, data protection impact assessments, cross-border transfer standards; phased application for non–major-importance controllers.

Law · Pending

Law on Electronic Data Protection (Lao PDR)

Lao People's Democratic Republic

Binding

Individuals, organisations, and legal entities handling electronic personal data within Laos, including foreign entities without physical presence that process Lao electronic data.

Law · In Force

Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance (Cap. 486) (Hong Kong)

Hong Kong SAR

Binding

Data users controlling the collection, holding, processing, or use of personal data in or from Hong Kong, including AI-driven profiling and automated processing.

Ordinance · In Force

Personal Data Protection Act (Taiwan PDPA)

Republic of China (Taiwan)

Binding

Collection, processing, or use of personal data by government agencies or private-sector controllers targeting individuals in Taiwan, including automated decision-making and cross-border transfers.

Law · In Force

Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (Bangladesh) (as enacted; phased commencement)

People's Republic of Bangladesh

Binding

Processing of personal data of Bangladeshi citizens, residents, or data subjects connected to Bangladesh; extraterritorial reach for controllers/processors outside Bangladesh.

Law · In Force

Personal Information Protection Act (South Korea)

Republic of Korea

Binding

Any personal information controller handling personal information of individuals in Korea.

Law · In Force

Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China

People's Republic of China

Binding

Processing personal information of individuals in China or providing products/services to individuals in China.

Law · In Force

Middle East & Africa3 laws

Lebanon Law 81/2018

Lebanese Republic

Binding

Collection, processing, retention, or use of personal data in Lebanon whether by electronic means or otherwise — prior declaration or licence to Ministry of Economy and Trade unless exempt.

Law · In Force

Loi n° 1/03 du 10 mars 2026 (Burundi)

Burundi

Binding

{"scope_basis":"jurisdiction","jurisdictions":["BI"],"regions":["Middle East & Africa"],"requires_ai":false}

Regulation · In Force

Personal Data Protection Law (Law No. 30 of 2018) (Bahrain)

Kingdom of Bahrain

Binding

Processing of personal data in Bahrain or of Bahraini residents by controllers established inside or outside the Kingdom.

Law · In Force

Americas2 laws

Canada ADM Directive

Canada (Federal)

Binding

Federal Canadian institutions using automated decision-making systems including AI.

Regulation · In Force

Quebec Law 25

Quebec, Canada

Binding

Enterprise in Quebec collecting, holding, using, or communicating personal information of Quebec residents — provincial overlay in addition to PIPEDA.

Law · In Force

EU & EEA2 laws

Directive (EU) 2019/790 (DSM Directive) — text and data mining exceptions

European Union

Binding

Text and data mining for AI training in EU/EEA jurisdictions subject to Directive 2019/790.

Law · In Force

Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation)

European Union & EEA

Binding

Any organisation that offers goods or services to, or monitors the behaviour of, individuals in the EU/EEA — regardless of where the controller or processor is established.

Regulation · In Force

Switzerland1 law

Federal Act on Data Protection of 25 September 2020 (Switzerland) (revFADP / nDSG)

Switzerland

Binding

Processing of personal data of individuals in Switzerland, regardless of where the controller is established.

Law · In Force

Brazil1 law

Lei nº 13.709, de 14 de agosto de 2018 (Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais)

Federative Republic of Brazil

Binding

Processing of personal data carried out in Brazil, by data subjects located in Brazil at the time of collection, or for the offering of goods or services to individuals in Brazil.

Law · In Force

United Kingdom1 law

UK GDPR (assimilated Regulation (EU) 2016/679)

United Kingdom

Binding

Organisations established in the UK and those that offer goods or services to, or monitor, individuals in the UK from outside.

Regulation · In Force

Sourced from the LegisGate™ intelligence library — our single source of truth (SSOT). Theme membership is computed deterministically from curated library text; run a LegisGate™ report to see how these obligations apply to your specific AI tool.

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