AI Obligation Atlas

Breach notification duties

Obligations to notify regulators or affected individuals after a data breach or security incident, usually within a statutory window.

42 jurisdictions43 laws & guidance43 binding← All obligations

Middle East & Africa12 laws

Code du numérique du Bénin — Livre V

Republic of Benin

Binding

Processing of personal data in the context of the activities of a controller or processor on Beninese territory, or of persons who are in Benin where the activities relate to offering them goods or services or to monitoring their behaviour in Benin (art. 381).

Law · In Force

Cyber and Data Protection Act [Chapter 12:07] (Zimbabwe)

Republic of Zimbabwe

Binding

Processing of personal data in Zimbabwe; cyber and data protection obligations for digital services including AI.

Law · In Force

Data Privacy Protection Regulation (CITRA Administrative Decision No. 26/2024)

State of Kuwait

Binding

CITRA-licensed telecommunications and IT service providers collecting, processing, or storing personal data and user content in Kuwait.

Regulation · In Force

Data Protection Act, 2024 (Botswana)

Republic of Botswana

Binding

Automated or non-automated filing-system processing by a controller or processor established in Botswana; or, where not established there, processing where the activities of an establishment are in Botswana, or the activities relate to offering goods or services to data subjects in Botswana or to monitoring their behaviour there (s. 4).

Law · In Force

Law No. 151 of 2020 promulgating the Personal Data Protection Law (Egypt)

Arab Republic of Egypt

Binding

Processing of Egyptian personal data by controllers or processors inside or outside Egypt.

Law · In Force

Lei n.º 133/V/2001 (Cabo Verde)

Republic of Cabo Verde

Binding

Processing of personal data by wholly or partly automated means, or non-automated processing of data in a filing system, in the context of an establishment of a controller or processor situated in Cabo Verde whatever the place of processing; or outside the territory where Cabo Verdean law applies by public international law; or by a controller or processor not established in Cabo Verde where the activities relate to offering goods or services to data subjects in Cabo Verde or to monitoring their behaviour there (art. 2.º).

Law · In Force

Loi n° 007/PR/2015 du 10 février 2015 portant protection des données à caractère personnel (Tchad)

Republic of Chad

Binding

Collection, processing, transmission, storage or use of the personal data of a natural person, carried out in Chad by a natural person, by the State, by a local authority, or by a public- or private-law legal person (art. 2).

Law · In Force

Loi n° 29-2019 (République du Congo)

Republic of the Congo

Binding

Collection, processing, transmission, storage or use of personal data by a natural person, by the State, by decentralised administrative entities or by legal persons of public or private law; processing implemented by a controller on the territory of the Republic of the Congo or in any place where the law of that country applies; or processing implemented by a controller, established in Congo or not, which has recourse to means of processing situated on Congolese territory, excluding means used only for transit (art. 2).

Law · In Force

Nigeria Data Protection Act, 2023

Federal Republic of Nigeria

Binding

Data controllers and processors of personal data in Nigeria or processing personal data of Nigerians extraterritorially.

Law · In Force

Personal Data Privacy Protection Law (Law No. 13 of 2016) (Qatar)

State of Qatar

Binding

Processing of personal data of individuals in Qatar by controllers or processors, including extraterritorial processing targeting Qatari residents.

Law · In Force

Royal Decree 6/2022 promulgating the Personal Data Protection Law (Oman)

Sultanate of Oman

Binding

Processing of personal data of individuals in Oman, including extraterritorial controllers offering goods or services to Omani data subjects.

Law · In Force

Rwanda DPP Law

Republic of Rwanda

Binding

Processing of personal data in Rwanda or targeting Rwandan data subjects.

Law · In Force

Asia Pacific11 laws

Act on the Protection of Personal Information (Act No. 57 of 2003)

Japan

Binding

Business operators handling personal information in Japan or providing services to individuals in Japan.

Law · In Force

Australia Privacy Act

Commonwealth of Australia

Binding

Australian Privacy Principle entities including most businesses with turnover above the small-business threshold, health service providers, and federal agencies.

Law · Partially In Force

Data Privacy Act of 2012 (Philippines)

Republic of the Philippines

Binding

Processing of personal information of individuals in the Philippines or by entities with a Philippine link.

Law · In Force

Data Protection Act 2025 (Kiribati)

Republic of Kiribati

Binding

Processing of personal data by controllers and processors in Kiribati — lawful basis, consent, data-subject rights, security and breach notification, data protection impact assessments, cross-border transfer standards; phased application for non–major-importance controllers.

Law · Pending

Indonesia Personal Data Protection Law (UU PDP, Law No. 27 of 2022)

Republic of Indonesia

Binding

Any controller or processor handling personal data of individuals in Indonesia, including extraterritorially.

Law · In Force

Law No. 91/2025/QH15 on Personal Data Protection (Viet Nam)

Socialist Republic of Viet Nam

Binding

Vietnamese and foreign agencies, organisations, and individuals processing personal data in Vietnam or related to Vietnamese citizens.

Law · In Force

Malaysia PDPA

Malaysia

Binding

Section 2(1): any person who processes, and any person who has control over or authorises the processing of, personal data in respect of commercial transactions. Section 2(2) additionally reaches a person established outside Malaysia who uses equipment in Malaysia for processing otherwise than for transit, who must nominate a representative established in Malaysia under s. 2(3). Section 3 excludes the Federal and State Governments; s. 45 exempts personal, family and household processing and several further classes. No revenue, headcount or record-count threshold. Registration under Division 2 of Part II applies only to classes of data controller specified by Ministerial order under s. 14(1).

Law · In Force

NZ Privacy Act

New Zealand

Binding

Agencies handling personal information in connection with New Zealand operations.

Law · In Force

Personal Data Protection Act (Taiwan PDPA)

Republic of China (Taiwan)

Binding

Collection, processing, or use of personal data by government agencies or private-sector controllers targeting individuals in Taiwan, including automated decision-making and cross-border transfers.

Law · In Force

Sri Lanka PDPA

Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

Binding

Recorded for footprint mapping only. Section 2, which supplies the Act’s application, is not in operation until 1 January 2027. From that date it reaches processing wholly or partly in Sri Lanka, and a controller or processor domiciled or ordinarily resident in Sri Lanka, incorporated under Sri Lankan law, offering goods or services to data subjects in Sri Lanka, or specifically monitoring their behaviour in Sri Lanka including profiling with the intention of making decisions about it.

Law · Partially In Force

Thailand PDPA

Kingdom of Thailand

Binding

A data controller or data processor located in Thailand, whatever the location of the processing; or a controller or processor located outside Thailand that offers goods or services to data subjects in Thailand, whether or not payment is made, or that monitors their behaviour taking place in Thailand (s. 5).

Law · In Force

Europe & Central Asia11 laws

Albania Law 124/2024

Republic of Albania

Binding

Processing of personal data in Albania or targeting Albanian data subjects by controllers and processors.

Law · Partially In Force

Belarus Law No. 99-Z

Republic of Belarus

Binding

Processing of personal data with the use of means of automation, or without them where the data can be searched or accessed by set criteria, by an operator or authorised person as defined in art. 1, within the scope of art. 2(1); excluding processing by natural persons for exclusively personal, family or household use and data classified as state secrets (art. 2(2)).

Law · In Force

Guernsey DP Law 2017

Bailiwick of Guernsey

Binding

Processing of personal data in the Bailiwick of Guernsey or by controllers established in the Bailiwick.

Law · In Force

Jersey DP Law 2018

Jersey

Binding

Processing of personal data in Jersey or by controllers established in Jersey targeting Jersey data subjects.

Law · In Force

Law No. 06/L-082 on Protection of Personal Data

Republic of Kosovo

Binding

Processing by public and private bodies in Kosovo; limited extraterritorial reach for equipment in Kosovo.

Law · In Force

Law on Personal Data Protection (Official Gazette MK 42/20, 294/21)

Republic of North Macedonia

Binding

Processing of personal data in North Macedonia or targeting North Macedonian data subjects.

Law · In Force

Law on Personal Data Protection (Serbia) (Zakon o zaštiti podataka o ličnosti)

Republic of Serbia

Binding

Processing of personal data in Serbia or targeting Serbian data subjects; GDPR-aligned controller and processor obligations.

Law · In Force

Law on the Protection of Personal Data (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Binding

Processing of personal data in BiH or of BiH data subjects; foreign controllers must appoint local representative where required.

Law · In Force

Llei 29/2021, del 28 d'octubre, qualificada de protecció de dades personals (Andorra)

Principality of Andorra

Binding

Processing of personal data in Andorra or by controllers/processors subject to Andorran law, including extraterritorial targeting of Andorran data subjects.

Law · In Force

Monaco Law 1.565

Principality of Monaco

Binding

Processing by controllers/processors in Monaco or targeting data subjects in Monaco (GDPR-style territorial and extraterritorial scope).

Law · In Force

San Marino Law 171/2018

Republic of San Marino

Binding

Processing of personal data in San Marino or by controllers established in San Marino, including automated and filing-system processing.

Law · In Force

Americas4 laws

Barbados DPA

Barbados

Binding

Processing of personal data in the context of the activities of a data controller or data processor established in Barbados (s. 3 (1) (a)), or processing of personal data of data subjects in Barbados by a controller or processor not established in Barbados where the processing relates to the offering of goods or services to data subjects in Barbados (s. 3 (1) (b)).

Law · Partially In Force

Bermuda PIPA

Bermuda

Binding

An organisation that uses personal information in Bermuda, where the information is used wholly or partly by automated means or forms, or is intended to form, part of a structured filing system (s. 3). An organisation is any individual, entity or public authority that uses personal information (s. 2), and the Act binds the Crown (s. 50).

Law · In Force

Cayman DPA

Cayman Islands

Binding

A data controller that is established in the Cayman Islands and processes personal data in the context of that establishment, or that is not established in the Islands but processes personal data in the Islands otherwise than for the purposes of transit (s. 6(1)). Establishment is defined in s. 6(3). There is no size threshold, no revenue threshold and no sector limitation.

Law · In Force

Data Protection Act, 2020 (Jamaica)

Jamaica

Binding

Processing of personal data in Jamaica or targeting Jamaican data subjects.

Law · In Force

US Federal2 laws

Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH)

United States (federal)

Binding

Same covered entities and business associates as HIPAA; HITECH layered direct enforcement on business associates and increased penalties.

Law · In Force

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act — 45 CFR Parts 160 & 164

United States (federal)

Binding

Covered entities and their business associates that create, receive, maintain, or transmit protected health information (PHI) in the United States.

Law · In Force

Turkey1 law

KVKK (Law No. 6698)

Republic of Türkiye

Binding

Processing of personal data of individuals in Türkiye or by controllers established in Türkiye.

Law · In Force

Singapore1 law

Personal Data Protection Act 2012

Republic of Singapore

Binding

Organisations that collect, use, or disclose personal data in Singapore, regardless of where established.

Law · In Force

Switzerland1 law

revFADP (SR 235.1)

Switzerland

Binding

Processing of personal data of individuals in Switzerland, regardless of where the controller is established.

Law · In Force

Sourced from the LegisGate™ intelligence library — our single source of truth (SSOT). Theme membership is computed deterministically from curated library text; run a LegisGate™ report to see how these obligations apply to your specific AI tool.

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